In the response phase the most important step is to assess disaster after occurrence. By disaster assessment, we can obtain all the needed information for controlling, decision-making and also disaster planning. Lack of disaster assessment causes you to make unsuitable decisions based on limited or inadequate data which leads to imperfect disaster response. According to IFRC, disaster response operation will have an unsuitable function without disaster assessment. This paper presents the principles and concepts of disaster assessment.

Background and Aim: Since anyone can freely share any kinds of information in the cyberspace almost without authenticity, validation information seems important. This paper examines the concept of credibility and describes and analyzes some well-known models for the evaluation of the Web credibility.Methods: This research is a review in terms of research methodology and theoretical in terms of the goal. Data collection was using documentary method.Results: The assessment of known models of Web Credibility including prominenceinterpretation theory of Fogg, Wathen and Burkell’s model for how users judge the credibility of on-line information, Hilligoss and Rieh’s unifying framework of credibility, Sundar’s MAIN model, Metzger’s dual processing model of credibility assessment, Lucassen et al.’s revised 3S-model of credibility, and Choi new framework for web credibility showed that the systematic concept of the connection between credit key dimensions and criteria that can be used to assess the credibility of the Web exists in none of these models other than Choi and thus the templates and the theories have limited explanatory power for a comprehensive interpretation of findings of experimental studies.Conclusion: Due to lack of imperical testing of these theoretical frameworks through standard tools on a large scale, no one was empirically supported. Thus, it is necessary to examine these frameworks empirically to improve their validity with an experimental basis.

Introduction: Today, hospital portals play a key role in the dissemination of information and provision of special services. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of portals of private hospitals in Tehran, Iran, in terms of their content and structure.Methods: This was a descriptive practical study. The research population consisted of the portals (n=34) of all private hospitals in Tehran. Data gathering tool was a checklist. The data were collected through objective observation. The collected data were presented in number, percentage, and factor and criterion scores.Results: Research findings demonstrated that portals had favorable conditions in terms of contact information. They were relatively favorable in terms of page design. In addition, the portals were unfavorable in terms of page technical specifications, portal page specification, and public relationship, necessary information for patients, general information and access routes, and financial services. Moreover, they were in poor conditions in terms of patient services, page updates, public services, pharmaceutical services, research, education, and telemedicine.Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the studied portals generally had an unfavorable status. Thus, it is necessary that the results of the present study be used by the relevant authorities to increase the quality of these portals in terms of usability and services. In this respect, the use of the latest information technology is necessary.

Distributing geographical information on the Internet is an enforcing factor for information providers. Internet allows all levels of society to access geographical information, and provides a media for processing geo-related information with no location restrictions. Web-based GIS is evolved from different Web maps and client-server architecture to distributed ones. As such, Internet reshapes all functions of information systems including: gathering, storing, retrieving, analyzing, and visualizing data. The high cost of GIS system, the release of system specific databases, and the enormous software developer efforts on upgrading the system are fading with the introduction of web-based GIS Moreover, disseminating spatial information on the Internet improves the decision-making processes.This paper examines the current Web GIS technologies with emphasis on architectures. Eight state-of–the-art Web GIS products from leading GIS companies have been scientifically assessed. This paper also proposes a web GIS development strategies starting from requirement analysis, and ending in GIS use and maintenance. Disseminating Iranian Road information on the Internet has been presented as a successful implementation of the strategy.It is concluded that the Internet based information delivery adds the margin of profitability of the Transportation and Terminal Organization. The proposed strategy has been tested successfully. Civilian can get to their destinations faster.

Introduction: Considering the increasing rate of scientific sources deposited on the Web, it was a motivating factor for researchers to examine citation impact of these digital sources in the scholarly communication cycle and hence new research area known as "Webometrics" has been developed. One of the key applications of Webometrics is "Web citations" analysis and their comparison with "traditional citations" such as ISI. The current study intends to determine the utility of Webometrics methods and tools in the evaluation of medical sciences research.Methods: 350 English research journal articles indexed by ISI in 2004 in general/internal medicine were selected. We searched articles' title in the ISI Web of Science (WoS) as well as Google Scholar (GS) to obtain number of cited items for each article. Moreover, at the journal level we conducted same strategy for 56 Persian language medical journal titles. Statistical correlation tests and descriptive statistics were applied to examine, interpret and compare ISI citation and Web citation patterns.Results: We found significant correlation between ISI and Web citations from GS targeting the sample of 350 medical sciences articles. Analyzing the descriptive statistics showed that number, mean and median of citations to the articles from GS is remarkably more .than ISI citations. Number, mean and median of GS citations for the 56 Persian language medical sciences journals were remarkably higher than ISI citations (301, 5.4, 4vs. 99, 1.8, 0, respectively <0.05).Conclusion: The significant correlation between ISI and GS citations suggests that Web environment can be useful source of information for research evaluation. Comparison between descriptive statistics for general/internal medicine journal articles and Persian medical sciences journals also indicate that from Web environment we can extract the greater numbers and types of citations targeting medical science articles than ISI database which their citation impact have previously been invisible in the medical sciences research communication.

Background and Objectives: The changes in the new world, due to social, cultural, and the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs), have led to a modification in the objectives and educational approaches to align with the changes occurring in the learners' environment. One of the new approaches that has received attention in teaching and learning to acquire 21st-century skills is peer assessment. This study examined the impact of web-based peer assessment on the self-directed learning skills of educational sciences students at Arak University.Materials and Methods: Researchers employed a quasi-experimental research method with a pre-test-post-test design and included a control group in the study. The target population consisted of all educational sciences students in the academic year 2022-2023 at Arak University (178 students), from which 32 participants were selected through the convenience sampling method and assigned randomly into two groups: experimental and control. To gather data for the study, the researchers utilized the Self-directed Learning Readiness Questionnaire, which comprised 40 items and three subscales: self-management, desire for learning, and self-control. The questionnaire was administered before and after the course. During the 10 sessions, web-based peer assessment was integrated into the training process in the experimental group. In this way, courses, students, and the instructor were defined in the Learning Management System (LMS) of Arak University. After each teaching session, the teacher added an activity (peer assessment) in the system, in such a way that the students did homework related to the subject of the lesson. The teaching approach in both the experimental and control groups involved the teacher following a lesson plan and allowing the learners to ask questions during the teaching process. However, there was a difference in how the two groups were assessed. In the experimental group, peer assessment was utilized, where students reviewed and assessed their classmates' assignments. On the other hand, the control group followed a conventional evaluation method. In the classroom, the teacher delivered lessons and assigned homework to the students. The students needed to complete the assignments and submit them to the teacher for assessment. The teacher reviewed the student’s homework in each session and provided feedback. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics (i.e., mean and standard deviation), as well as inferential statistics (i.e., Analysis of Covariance), were employed to analyze the data.Findings: The findings indicated that peer assessment training had a notable impact on self-directed learning skills and their sub-scales, including self-management, desire for learning, and self-control (p<0.5).Conclusions: Based on the findings of this research, utilizing peer assessment can serve as an effective approach to enhance students' self-directed learning abilities, a crucial skill for learners in the 21st century. However, the successful implementation of peer assessment requires certain conditions that teachers should consider. These include having an appropriate e-learning platform, the instructor's formulation of assessment criteria, and providing proper guidance to learners acting as evaluators. It is important to note that the implementation of peer assessment comes with its own set of challenges, which should be thoroughly explored in studies examining its different aspects.